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1.
Revista Digital de Postgrado ; 12(1): 352, abr. 2023.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1509732

RESUMO

El cáncer de cabeza y cuello comprende a todos aquellos tumores que se desarrollan en el tracto aerodigestivo superior, una de las características de éstos es su diversidad, que no es solo desde el punto de vista histológico y etiológico, sino que incluyen diversas formas de presentación, progresión y enfoques terapéuticos. Son de causa multifactorial, siendo el alcohol y el tabaco los principales factores de riesgo asociados; en los últimos años se ha relacionado a ciertos virus con potencial oncogénico con la génesis tumoral, entre ellos al Virus del Papiloma Humano, lo que ha permitido modificar el sistema de estadificación tumor primario-nodos linfáticos cancerosos-metástasis (TNM); presentándolo ahora en dos grandes grupos acorde a la Proteína supresora de tumores P16: P16+ y P16-,los cuales tienen características y manejo diferente. En vista de la heterogeneidad de la enfermedad, son diversos los tratamientos que se ha empleados para el manejo de la misma, entre ellos cirugía, radioterapia, quimioterapia e/o inmunoterapia; ésta última terapéutica, está dirigida hacia la estimulación del sistema inmune del paciente con la finalidad de generar la destrucción de las células tumorales, se realizan previo a una intervención quirúrgica para reducir el tamaño del tumor. Una forma destacable, es la del bloqueo de puntos de control inmunitarios, especialmente hacia proteínas de control inmune moduladoras de respuesta de células T, como los anti-PD-1 y los anti-CTLA-4. La inmunoterapia cada vez va tomando más protagonismo en oncología, en especial las formas de evasión de las reacciones inmunitarias por parte de las células cancerígenas(AU)


Head and neck cancer includes all those tumors that develop in the upper aerodigestive tract, one of the characteristics of these is their heterogeneity, which is not only from the histological and etiological, but also include various forms of presentation, progression and therapeutic approaches.They have a multifactorial cause, with alcohol and tobacco being the main associated risk factors, however, in recent year scertain viruses with oncogenic potential have been linked to tumor genesis, including HPV, which has made it possible tomodify the TNM staging system; now presenting it in two large groups, P16+ and P16-, which have different characteristics and management. In view of the heterogeneity of the disease, there are various treatments that have been used to manageit, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and/ orimmunotherapy which will be determined taking into account the location and tumor extension. The latter treatment, is aimedat stimulating the patient's immune system in order to generate the destruction of tumor cells, are performed prior to a surgical intervention to reduce the size of the tumor. A remarkable therapy is that of blocking immune checkpoints, especially anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA. Immunotherapy is becoming more and more prominent, however, there is still much to discover, so we believe that we should continue investigating the ways of evasion of immune reactions by cancer cells(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Tabagismo , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/etiologia , Imunoterapia , Linfócitos T , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidade
2.
Ecancermedicalscience ; 14: 1082, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32863876

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Head and neck cancers (NHCs) are of multifaceted origins, and tobacco and alcohol are the primary risk factors. Currently, other factors associated with the genesis of these tumours are being considered, among these viral infections, especially human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate HPV infection, HPV-16 E6 load and its physical status in patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck and evaluate its effects in the survival of these patients. METHODOLOGY: A total of 80 fresh biopsies of HNC were evaluated. The genetic material was extracted using the commercial kit QIAGEN. The detection and classification of HPV were carried out using INNO-LiPA, whereas the quantification and analysis of integration of the viral genome into the host cell were carried out using real-time PCR. RESULTS: The average age of the patients included was 60.34 ± 14.48 years, with a predominance of the male gender. The most frequent HPV infection was genotype 16 (52.8%), with an average of 10 copies of the HPV-16 E6/ß-globin gene. Furthermore, an integration of the viral genome in the host cell was observed in 86% of cases with a statistically significant relationship between the location of the tumour and the viral load (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: HPV-16 is the most common infection, and its physical status in the host cell is the determining factor in establishing response to treatment. However, more studies are needed to demonstrate the role of HPV infection in carcinogenesis.

3.
Invest. clín ; 58(2): 107-118, jun. 2017. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-893527

RESUMO

El cáncer de cuello uterino, es el segundo más frecuente en mujeres a nivel mundial; la infección por Virus de Papiloma Humano (VPH) de alto riesgo oncogénico, es el principal factor etiológico de esta malignidad. La identificación viral se logra mediante métodos moleculares sensibles y específicos como la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), que generalmente utiliza hisopados cervicales o biopsias como material biológico. Debido a las complicaciones e incomodidad que implica la toma de estas muestras, se realizan estudios en otras más accesibles como la orina. Por lo que se realizó la detección y tipificación de VPH en muestras de hisopados endocervicales y de orina, se compararon los resultados obtenidos y se evaluó la efectividad del uso de esta última. La extracción del material genético se realizó con el estuche comercial AXYGEN. Para la detección y la tipificación viral se empleó la técnica de PCR en tiempo final. La positividad para VPH fue 68,6% en los hisopados cervicales y 62,9% en las muestras de orina de, valores similares y comparables a estudios previos. Así mismo, la concordancia obtenida entre los resultados de las muestras empleadas respecto a los tipos virales identificados fue “moderada” (k=0,609), encontrándose además valores altos de sensibilidad y especificidad de 83,3% y de 81,8% respectivamente al usar muestras de orina. Estos resultados apuntan a la posibilidad de desarrollar un diagnóstico efectivo para VPH empleando muestras de orina, ya que reducirían la intervención de personal adiestrado para su toma, costos y la incomodidad para las pacientes.


Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Infection with high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main etiological factor of this malignancy. Viral identification is achieved by sensitive and specific molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which are generally used on cervical biopsies or swabs of biological material. Because of the complications and discomfort that taking these samples implies, studies are conducted with other samples obtained from less invasive methods, such as urine. Accordingly, detection and genotyping of HPV in endocervical swabs and urine were performed to compare results and to evaluate the effectiveness of using the latter samples. The genetic material was obtaining using the commercial kit Axygen. For viral detection and typing the conventional PCR technique was used. Positivity for HPV in cervical swabs was 68.6% and 62.9% in urine samples, similar values and comparable to previous studies. Likewise, the concordance obtained between the results of the samples used with respect to the identified viral types was “moderate” (k = 0.609), with high values of sensitivity and specificity of 83.3% and 81.8%, respectively, when urine samples were used. These results point to the possibility of developing an effective diagnosis for HPV using urine samples, because it would reduce the intervention of trained personnel, cost and discomfort for the patients.

4.
J. oral res. (Impresa) ; 6(4): 86-91, Apr. 2017. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-907721

RESUMO

Introduction: Infection caused by potentially oncogenic viruses, such as HPV and EBV, favors the role of certain oncoproteins that can induce dysplasias and malignant lesions. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of HPV and EBV and their relation with the expression of p53 and PCNA in patients with oral carcinoma. Methodology: Twenty-seven oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were evaluated; DNA extraction was conducted using the QIAamp DNA mini kit; viral detection was obtained using the INNO-LiPA kit for HPV, and nested PCR was used for EBV. The evaluation of molecular markers was performed through immunohistochemical staining. Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.55 +/- 13.94 years, and 52 percent of these were female. Of the patients, 59 percent were tobacco users and 63 percent were alcohol consumers. HPV was detected in 70 percent of the patients with the predominance of genotype 16 (60 percent). As for EBV infection, it was observed in 59 percent of cases. p53 and PCNA immunopositivity corresponded to 44 percent and 59 percent, respectively. The tongue was the anatomical location with highest positivity for both viruses as well as for the expression of molecular markers. The 48 percent of the cases presented infection by both viruses. Conclusion: HPV and EBV infection together with the expression of p53 and PCNA were more frequently observed in advanced stages of the disease, suggesting a more relevant role in the progression than in tumor genesis.


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/virologia , /isolamento & purificação , Neoplasias Bucais/virologia , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , /fisiologia , /genética , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Bucais/genética , Neoplasias Bucais/metabolismo , Prevalência , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula em Proliferação , Papillomaviridae/genética
5.
J. oral res. (Impresa) ; 5(4): 168-174, June 2016. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-982703

RESUMO

Abstract: objective: to detect the presence of infection by EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus), CMV (Cytomegalovirus) and HSV-1 (Herpes Simplex Virus type 1) in subgingival samples from HIV- positive patients under HAART (High Activity Antiretroviral Therapy), HIV- positive patients without HAART, HIV-negative patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. Methodology: Crevicular fluid samples of 11 HIV+ patients on therapy were evaluated, 6 without antiretroviral therapy, 7 HIV- negative subjects with chronic periodontitis and 7 periodontally-healthy controls. PI (Plaque index), GI (Gingival Index), PD (probing depth) and CAL (Clinical Attachment Loss) were registered at six sites per each tooth in all teeth and subgingival plaque samples of a tooth were collected per quadrant. Nested PCR was used to detect EBV and endpoint PCR to detect infection by CMV and HSV-1. Results: Clinical parameters showed statistically significant differences between HIV-positive patients and subjects with chronic periodontitis compared with the control group (p<0.05). DNA of EBV was detected mainly in HIV-positive patients under HAART, 91 percent (10/11). DNA of CMV was detected mainly in patients without HAART, 67 percent (4/6), while HSV-1 was observed in 27 percent (3/11) of patients under HAART. In the control group no virus was detected. Coinfection was observed in 50 percent of HIV patients without HAART, 36 percent of HIV patients with HAART and 14 percent of HIV-negative with chronic periodontitis. Conclusion: Viral infection was prevalent in HIV patients under HAART and EBV was the primary viral infection detected in HIV-positive patients with chronic periodontitis.


Resumen: detectar la presencia de infección por VEB (Virus Epstein-Barr), CMV (Citomegalovirus) y VHS-1 (Virus Herpes simple tipo 1) en muestras subgingivales de pacientes VIH-positivos bajo HAART (Terapia Anti Retroviral de Alta Actividad), VIH-positivos sin HAART, pacientes VIH-negativos con periodontitis crónica y controles sanos. Metodología: Se evaluaron muestras de fluido crevicular de 11 pacientes VIH+ bajo terapia, 6 sin terapia antiretroviral, 7 sujetos VIH–negativo con periodontitis crónica y 7 controles periodontalmente sanos. Se registró el IP (Índice de placa), IG (Índice Gingival), PS (Profundidad del Sondaje) y NIC (Nivel de Inserción Clínica) en seis sitios por diente en todos los dientes y se recolectaron muestras de placa subgingival de un diente por cuadrante. Se empleó PCR anidada para detectar VEB y PCR punto final para identificar la infección con CMV y VHS-1. Resultados: Los parámetros clínicos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre pacientes VIH-positivos y sujetos con periodontitis crónica comparados con el grupo control (p<0.05). El ADN de EBV fue detectado principalmente en pacientes VIH-positivos bajo HAART con 91 por ciento (10/11). El ADN de CMV se detectó principalmente en pacientes sin HAART, 67 por ciento (4/6), mientras que VHS-1 se observó en 27 por ciento (3/11) de los pacientes bajo HAART. En el grupo control no se detectó ningún virus. La coinfección fue observada en 50 por ciento de los pacientes VIH sin HAART, 36 por ciento de los VIH con HAART y 14 por ciento de los VIH negativos con periodontitis crónica. Conclusión: La infección viral fue predominante en los pacientes VIH bajo HAART y VEB fue la principal infección viral detectada en los pacientes VIH positivos y con periodontitis crónica.


Assuntos
Humanos , Periodontite Crônica/virologia , Citomegalovirus/isolamento & purificação , Gengiva/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1/isolamento & purificação , /isolamento & purificação
6.
Rev. obstet. ginecol. Venezuela ; 75(1): 25-29, mar. 2015. ilus, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-780188

RESUMO

Objetivo: Detección y tipificación de virus de papiloma humano en muestras de niños cuyas madres tienen historia asociada al virus. Métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo. Se procesaron 66 hisopados perianales de niños con un promedio de edad de 18 meses atendidos en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas. La detección viral se realizó mediante PCR con iniciadores genéricos MY11 y MY09; la tipificación de las muestras positivas en la detección se llevó a cabo mediante PCR múltiple. Resultados: Se obtuvo un porcentaje de positividad de 54,5 % y se identificó VPH de bajo riesgo oncogénico en 47,2 %, ADN viral de alto riesgo en 13,88 % e infecciones mixtas con tipos de alto y bajo riesgo oncogénico en 5,55 % de las muestras positivas. El 33,33 % de estas muestras no pudo ser tipificado con la metodología utilizada. Conclusiones: Aunque no se tienen datos del tipo viral en las madres para hacer comparaciones con los tipos identificados en los niños, estos resultados ponen en evidencia la posible transmisión vertical del VPH, considerando los antecedentes maternos, la corta edad de los niños y que la condición de abuso sexual fue descartada. Es recomendable hacer el seguimiento de la población estudiada con la incorporación de la evaluación de muestras obtenidas de los padres.


Objective: Detection and typing of Human Papillomavirus in samples of children whose mothers have a history associated with the virus. Methods: Transversal and descriptive study. Perianal swabs of 66 children with an average age of 18 months treated in the Service of Dermatology, University Hospital of Caracas, were processed. Viral detection was performed by PCR with MY11 and MY09 generic primers; typing of positive samples was performed by multiplex PCR. Results: A positive percentage of 54.5 % was obtained and low oncogenic risk HPV identified in 47.2 %, high-risk viral DNA in 13.88 % and mixed infections with types of high and low oncogenic risk in 5.55 % of the positive samples. 33.33 % of these samples could not be typed with the used methodology. Conclusions: Although the viral type is unknown in mothers to make comparisons with the types identified in children, these results highlight the possible vertical transmission of HPV, considering maternal history, the young age of the children and that the condition of sexual abuse was ruled out. It is recommended to monitor the studied population including the evaluation of samples obtained from the parents.

7.
Rev. Soc. Venez. Microbiol ; 33(1): 83-86, jun. 2013. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-703765

RESUMO

En el presente trabajo se llevó a cabo la extracción de ADN de biopsias cervicales con informe citológico de lesión intraepitelial cervical, incluidas en bloques de parafina, utilizando el “QIAamp DNA mini kit” (QIAGEN, Alemania) y la detección del Virus de Papiloma Humano (VPH). En el procedimiento original se eliminó la incubación en xilol, reduciendo los lavados del material biológico; la calidad de los ADNs extraídos fue probada mediante PCR para la detección del gen de la β-globina y del VPH, obteniéndose 84,3% y 28,1% de positividad, respectivamente. Estos resultados fueron comparables a los de otros trabajos similares y evidencian la obtención de ADN celular amplificable por PCR a partir de muestras parafinadas, que pudo ser utilizado eficientemente en procedimientos moleculares, eliminando la toxicidad del xilol y disminuyendo la manipulación del material biológico al reducir los lavados.


In the present study, DNA from cervical biopsies with a cytological report of intraepithelial cervical lesion and embedded in paraffin blocks was extracted using the “QIAamp DNA mini kit” (QIAGEN, Germany), and the Human Papyloma Virus (HPV) was detected. In the original procedure, the xylene incubation was eliminated, therefore reducing the washes of the biological material; the quality of the DNA extracted was tested by PCR for detecting the β-globine gene and HPV, with 84.3% and 28.1% positivity, respectively. These results were comparable to those of other similar studies, and they demonstrate that it is possible to obtain PCR amplifiable cellular DNA from paraffin embedded samples which can be used efficiently for molecular procedures, eliminating xylene toxicity, and decreasing the manipulation of the biological material by reducing washes.

8.
Rev. venez. oncol ; 21(3): 123-131, jul.-sept. 2009. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-549459

RESUMO

El cáncer de cabeza y cuello ha sido frecuentemente asociado al abuso en el consumo del alcohol y tabaco, aunque existe un bajo porcentaje de casos que no presenta una historia de alcohol y/o tabaco conocida. Esto ha llevado a considerar la exposición a otros factores de riesgo como por ejemplo el virus de papiloma humano. Actualmente los oncólogos evalúan distintos marcadores oncogénicos, entre ellos la proteína p53, lo cual les permite realizar el pronóstico y diagnóstico más preciso. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la infección de virus de papiloma humano en pacientes con carcinoma de células escamosas de cabeza y cuello mediante reacción de cadena polimerasa, así como la detección de p53 por inmunohistoquímica. De 30 muestras evaluadas, 12 (40 por ciento) resultaron positivas para la detección viral, de éstas el 58 por ciento correspondía virus de papiloma humano tipo 11 (de bajo riesgo oncogénico), siendo la cavidad bucal la localización anatómica más afectada por la presencia del genoma viral. El p53 fue encontrado en 50 por ciento, siendo la orofaringe la localización anatómica con mayor positividad para dicho marcador.


The head and neck cancer has been frequently associated with the alcohol and tobacco abuse consume, although there are a low percents of cases that have not an alcohol and tobacco history know. This has made to consider another risks exposure factors how for example, the human papilloma virus. At present the oncologist evaluate different oncogenic markers inside them like the p53, this permit to them realize a better prediction and the prognostic. The objective of this study was evaluating the human papilloma virus infection in the patients with diagnostic of head and neck carcinoma using the polymerase reaction chain, such as the detection of the p53 by the immunohistochemistry procedure. Of the 30 evaluated samples 12 (40 %) of them result positive to the human papilloma viral detection, of these the 58 % correspond to the human papilloma virus type 11 (low oncogenic risk), been the oral cavity the anatomic localization most affected by the viral genome presence. The p53 has been finding in the 50 %, the orofaringe was the anatomic localization who has most positive to the marker.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções por Herpesviridae/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , /isolamento & purificação , Genoma Viral/fisiologia , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Oncologia , Orofaringe/imunologia , Papiloma/diagnóstico
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